Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives

Introduction Forced labor played an important role in the American history. It affected the lives of many Blacks living in the country during that time. Some slaves managed to escapethatenabled them to write some stories based on their lives. Fredrick Douglass, for example, wrote a narrative referred to as Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: An America Slave. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Douglass gave an account of his social-political life. For instance, he explained how his life changed through various stages of growth and development. After a certain age, Douglass stated that he managed to escape from one of the slave owners. He also explained some differences in his life, especially between his boyhood and adulthood. He elucidated that he was a young naà ¯ve person when he was forced into slavery. Harriet Jacob is another slave who also succeeded to escape from slavery. She decided to write a narrative entitled Incidents of a Slave Girl. She described her life as full of misery because of being deprived of freedom and rights. Through her narrative, she posited that life under slavery was terrible. She explained that sexual violence and harassment were the major problemsthat she faced. More specifically, she revealed how she used her sexuality to avoid harsh punishments from her master. In Addition, she explicated the dangers of attempting to escape from bondage. It was a criminal offence for a slave to run away from his or her master without following due process. This was mainly because the slave was to supply free labor to slave owners (Oatis 78). Although some similarities existed, differences between the two narratives would be discussed. Through evaluation of differences, in-depth understanding of slavery is achieved. Differences Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs demonstrate that slavery was a form of injustice that crippled the black race in America. However, there are some differences between their works as regards to literary and political circumstances. Each writer gave a different account of political activities that went on around this time. For Example, Douglass authored his works on Narrative of the Life of Douglass after Blacks had started demanding for their rights and freedoms. In contrast, the works of Jacob was affected by the political and historical events that went on during publication of her works.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She published her works at a time that Americans rose against each other in the Civil War. She had to convey compelling argument to gain the attention of women about suffrage. Douglass had a major influence in society because he was both a leader and a writer. His works was met with criticism from ow ners of the slaves, which forced him to run for his safety. Fredrick Douglass based his ideas on the sermon. He could influence church members to reject any form of slavery because it was against God’s will. He was hired to lecture at Massachusetts Antislavery organization, whereby he developed some of styles that could enable him to attack slave owners. He came up with rhetorical devices that were similar to sermons and proclamations and used them in formulating his narrative. Such strategies included reverberation, contrast and many classical credible tactics. His findings were based on compilation of various speeches given in church. This means that he used biblical quotes to condemn slavery because he cited some of the famous writings from the Holy book to prove that slavery was indeed inhuman (Pyne 71). Furthermore, Douglass borrowed the ideas of Emerson, which were popular in 1840s. He combined various views to encourage his supporters to fight against slavery, which ca used anguish to people. He gave a narration in which he likened slavery to the life of a man who undergoes initiation from childhood to adulthood. Initiation signifies transformation from boyhood to maturity. In the same way, fight for freedom is like transformation from human chattel to a free citizen. According to Douglass, he analyzes his displeasure against slavery, by stating: Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The songs of the slaves represent the sorrows of his hear, and are relieved of them, only as its tears relieved an aching heart (Douglass 20)†. Because of his personal view to slavery, he was able to relate to the vile moments of slavery to his sermons. In return, he had an opportunity to attack slavery. The sermons provided Douglass with a good opportunity to attack slavery. He used quotations from the Bible, which contradicted with the activities of slave owners, to challenge slavery.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Compa rison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This enlightened Christian slave owners to neglect the provisions of the slavery laws. In addition, he used the sermons in church to remind slave owners that it was against God’s Will to use or humiliate another human being by treating them as objects. It is noted that Christianity played a bigger role in abolishing slavery in the US. Contrary to Douglass’ observation, Jacob gave her reasons against the slavery at around 1854. Such views and ideas made the author live as a renegade for about ten years. She authored her works after Cornelia Grinnell had given her a decent job. In other words, her findings could be termed as sentimental meaning a domestic novel. The author targeted women in families, home, matrimony and womanly reticence. She had borrowed much from the previous women writers. Her works encouraged women to rise up and fight slavery as well as male patriarchy. The issue of gender makes a big difference between the two scholars. Jacob focused on the problems encountered by women under slavery. She argued that slave owners could demand for sexual relationships with their subjects. In this case, women were the first casualties because they could not resist. Jacob showed how society used physical qualities to discriminate some members.She claimed that no social structure was maintained by oppressing some of its members. Conversely, the two scholars had different focuses because Douglass emphasized on struggle to achieve manhood and freedom while Jacob was much disturbed by the issue of sexual exploitation. As Jacob observed, slavery was much terrible for women as compared to men. Women were affected most because there were no jobs for them (Shlaes 45). In society, women existed at the mercy of men. They were infringed economical and socially. They were only supposed to handle minor activities, but not to participate i n major debates.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major problem for women was male domination and societal structure, which was rigid and unbiased. Douglass did not talk much about women (Pyne 83), but was more focused on liberating the entire society from slavery. On the other hand, Jacob’s concerns were clear. She longed for liberating women from male patriarchy and domination. She cited societal structure as one of the impediments to women liberation. Culture did not allow women to participate in active politics, neither did it encourage women to rise up and fight for their rights. Even pressure groups focused only on setting men free from slavery, not women. This implies that women were supposed to stand up and fight for their rights independently. This is reflected perfectly in the following text: When he told me that I was made for his use, made to obey his command in everything; that I was nothing but a slave who will must and should surrender to his, never before had my puny arm felt half-strong (Jacob 29). From Jacob’s narrative, it is established that she was not learned meaning that her works did not have any scholastic foundation. She could not be compared to Douglass who was educated (Shlaes 45), though very poor. Family backgrounds affected the writings of the two authors. Jacob claimed that her adventures seemed incredible because of the life she went through. She also admitted that her descriptions fell short of acts because she was not much enlightened, unlike Douglass who was well off academically since he was offered employment as a tutor. He worked in one of the colleges that supported liberation. Educational backgrounds affected the narratives of the narrators since more education affects an individual’s orientation to the world. In other words, learned narrators use tact in presenting his or her ideas. Douglass understood the importance of the importance of liberty hence encouraging slaves and other members of society to fight for their rights (McPherson 14). On the other hand, Jacob urged women to raise their concerns through societal institutions, such as government, which proved to be futile. Douglass used his influence and position in the society to inform the public of the evils of slavery. Conclusion Overall, Douglass and Jacobs aimed at eliminating slavery by condemning it through written texts. They focused on the awful experiences and nature of slavery. Each of the narrators had different viewpoints as regards to slavery. In addition, the scholars exposed injustices that infringed upon people’s rights to equality and equal opportunities. Comparison of works of the two writers reveal that differences endured by male and female slaves related to gender roles, political aspects, and societal structure. Works Cited Douglass, Fredrick. Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass, an American slave. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Jacob, Harriet. Incidents in the life of a slave girl. Harvard: Harvard University Press , 2007.Print. McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford: Pulitzer Prize, 2003.Print. Oatis, Steven. A Colonial Complex: South Carolina’s Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680-1730. New York: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.Print. Pyne, Stephen. How the Canyon Became Grand. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1998.Print. Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2008.Print. 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Valerie Plame Essay Essays

Valerie Plame Essay Essays Valerie Plame Essay Essay Valerie Plame Essay Essay Valerie Plame Causal Essay Ever since Benjamin Franklins older brother, James Franklin, invented the newspaper, the American public has come to rely on this form of media to gather and gain information about the world around them. The Valerie Plame affair became a huge controversy in which the newspaper played a vital role in its unfolding. July 14, 2003, The Washington Post releases the identity of a covert CIA operative, Valerie Plame Wilson. The reporting of her secret identity causes an investigation of the White House. Speculation surfaces that the Bush administration leaked her identity n retribution of her husband publicly criticizing the validity of the United States invading Iraq (Ballard and Dumouchelle 1). The major events leading to the Valerie Plame affair include President Bushs State of the Union address, and Joe Wilsons article What I didnt find in Africa, and Robert D. Novaks column in The Washington Post. The most influential piece of evidence leading up to the Plame affair included President Bushs State of the Union address. On January 28, 2003 in his State of the Union address, President George W. Bush uttered the now historical 16 words laiming Justification for the invasion of Iraq. Those powerful words were, The British government has learned that Saddam Hussein recently sought significant quantities of uranium from Africa. (Memorable State of the Union Moments 1). In less than two months following the presidents address, the United States invades Iraq based on the belief that Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi dictator, was a danger to the United States (Memorable State of the Union Moments 1). While President Bush indicates Britain found evidence of Iraq purchasing uranium in Niger, he does not ention several U. S. agencies question the accuracy of the report by Britain (S. , Brian 1). Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) director George Tenet raises concerns against the findings of British intelligence suggesting their claim should never have been included in the State of the Union address (S. , Brian 1). In a memo to the CIA, the State Departments Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) also expresses alarm of the legitimacy of the British findings concerning Iraq buying uranium from Niger (Leopold 1). These doubts causes former Secretary of State Colin Powell to not ention the British findings when he goes in front of the United Nations (UN) to gain support to invade Iraq (Leopold 1). While doubt surfaces about the validity of Britains claims, after the Presidents speech, Valerie Plames husband Joseph Wilson releases his findings in the The New York Times article What I Didnt Find in Africa. In response to Britains findings of Iraq purchasing uranium from Niger, the CIA sends Joseph Wilson to Africa in 2002 to investigate possible Iraqi purchases of uranium . In his report to the CIA, Wilson reports the purchased of uranium by Iraq nlikely. However, the president still calls for action against Iraq, and the US invades. After the invasion of Iraq, Valerie Plames husband, Joseph Wilson, reports Iraq obtaining uranium from Niger is false in his article What I Didnt Find in Africa (1). He publicly criticizes President Bushs decision to invade Iraq. Wilson further states information was intentionally twisted by the Bush administration in order to gain support needed to invade Iraq (1). Eight days after Wilsons article is published, covert CIA operative. Valerie Plame is revealed as a covert CIA operative according o The Washington Post. In this article, Novak reports Plames identity was revealed to him by two top White House officials. In addition to Novak, it is discovered six other Journalists know of Plames identity including New York Times reporter Judith Miller. A two year investigation is launched in accordance to section 421 of the 1982 Intelligence Identities Protection Act, stating that it is illegal to intentionally disclose any information identifying a covert officer to any individual not authorized to receive classified information (Ballard and Dumouchelle 1). After eighty-five days in jail for refusing to reveal her sources, Judith Miller testifies before a grand Jury that l. Lewis Scooter Libby, Chief of Staff, Office of the Vice President and Karl Rove, Deputy Chief of Staff, Office of the President, were the two white officials that leaked Valerie Plames name to Post reporter, Novak (Ballard and Dumouchelle 3). In conclusion, because of the 16 words in former President Bushs State of the Union address, Joseph Wilsons article in The New York Times, and Robert Novaks article in The Washington Post, pushed the government to take drastic measures and reveal a covert operatives name in order to keep and gain additional support for the United States entering a war with Iraq. White house officials did leak CIA operative, Valerie Plame-Wilsons real identity into the media, in 2003 in order to discredit her husbands findings of Iraq buying uranium from Niger as false. While newspapers help inform the public about events and present information, they also serve as a medium of vital importance in obtaining the truth about events in our country and world around us.

Limits of Human Knowledge and Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Limits of Human Knowledge and Experience - Essay Example This essay highlights that  mathematician Leibnitz has contributed to our understanding of human limitations in acquiring knowledge.   He famously coined the term â€Å"human finitude†, behind which were questions such as â€Å"How much can someone possibly know? What could reasonably be viewed as an upper limit of an individual's knowledge--supposing that factually informative knowledge rather than performative how-to knowledge or subliminally tacit knowledge is to be at issue?† To essay an answer to these questions, let us consider a hypothetical attempt by a human to acquire maximum knowledge.   For this thought experiment, we are assuming that this hypothetical person has perfect recall and an infinite memory.  Ã‚  According to the report findings  in the Western intellectual tradition that has evolved over the last two millennia, knowledge was the â€Å"essential resource for those mortal and particular human beings struggling to cope with a world that c ould be imagined as being independent from any observer.† Scientific endeavor was thus directed to make knowledge independent of the observer (subjective) into an enduring truth.  For a human being to ‘know’ something is one way of gaining access to that aspect of the world.   The tradition of ‘reasonable knowledge’ is one that brings into concurrence an individual’s observation through sight, sound and logical analysis with the truth associated with the object being studied.

The Relationship between Generation Y Work Value with Job Satisfaction Research Paper

The Relationship between Generation Y Work Value with Job Satisfaction and Work Stress at Hong Kong - Research Paper Example The main purpose of conducting this research project is to study the relationship between generation y‘s work value with job satisfaction and work stress at Hong Kong. There are some work values in this report have covered to study with and examine those work value will influence job satisfaction level and work stress level of generation Y or not. Some variables moderators like age, marital status and number of kids might moderate the relationship between the factors. The proposed mechanism based on previous empirical researchers and six hypotheses had been set up. Those hypotheses will be tested by Pearson Correlation in a convenient sample of generation Y who is taking a full-time job in Hong Kong at the moment. (N = 72, Male = 50, Female = 22). The result showed that good salary, job interest, prestige and variety diversion of work had the strongest relationship with the work value of generation Y. The job satisfaction can rise significantly and work stress can reduce when t he work value match with generation Y’s expectation. Furthermore, the study finds out there is the negative relationship between work stress and job performance. Heavier work stress will bring a negative effect to generation Y and bring down their job performance. From the test conducted, found that age is a greatest moderating effect on the relationship job satisfaction level and work stress level of generation Y. Also, marital status and number of kids give different moderating effect to generation Y on the job value, job satisfaction, and work stress. For further study of a similar topic on generation Y in Hong Kong, it is suggested that personality, work overtime, a part-time study can be the focus on and the result or findings should be taken into account of. Generation Y is a dynamic workforce that holds specific expectations with regards to work factors, to understand generation Y’swork value is important to the employer when they make recruitment to the new com er to their company. Around 14% of total workforce in Hong Kong are generation Y and increasing rapidly. To determine what are the main value or factors to encourage them to work hard, which reason, why they need to work, is important for management level to setup up policy in their company.

Has Apple done enough to help Foxconn workers Essay

Has Apple done enough to help Foxconn workers - Essay Example 12 on Apple products manufactured in China; there has been mounting criticism of labor malpractices in the manufacturing processes, leading to conduction of investigations by international labor groups into companies which contract to make Apple products. The makers of iPad have specifically largely been criticized for a number of labor related problems, some of which are quite serious in nature (Andrzejcyzk, 2015). Thus the workers who toil night and day at manufacturing plants in China to ensure that Apple customers are satisfied, usually do so under harsh working conditions including work hours beyond the 8 hour day, forced overtime as well as other health and safety risks(Chang, â€Å"Audit Faults Apple Supplier’s Factories in China†).Foxconn Taiwanese company is Apple’s key supplier for the iPad and employs over I million people there. In March 2012,Fair Labor Association(FLA) conducted research(almost 3,000 hours at 3 of the Foxconn factories) and found the following; that the average work week was 60 hours with 36 hours overtime for the month at all the Foxconn manufacturing sites, some employees did not have a single day off for the entire work week, with several employees logging in a 7 day work week before they got a day off, over 60% of employees surveyed claimed that their pay did not cover enough to â€Å"meet basic needs† .A group called Students and Sc holars also compiled a report in May 2012 against Corporate Misbehavior(SACOM).The report derived its content from interviews conducted with factory workers and supervisors in Shenzhen and Zhengzhou, China. The SACOM report cited that while the company increased wages, it also increased production quotas by some 10%.Moreover the living conditions were described as being â€Å"cramped and unpleasant† with at times as many as 30 workers sharing space in an apartment with just 3 bedrooms (Musil, â€Å"Foxconn Working Conditions Slammed by Workers Rights Groups†).Te employees were also strictly warned not

Difficult Hate Terms Defined Conclusively Criminology Essay

Difficult Hate Terms Defined Conclusively Criminology Essay Why is Hate Crime Such a Difficult Term to Define Conclusively? Hate crime is a relatively new concept which originated during the 1980s in the US after a series of incidents directed towards Jews, Asians and Blacks (Green, McFalls and Smith, 2001). The term was brought to Europe and the UK in the 1990s, and hate crime became a prominent issue after the 1999 McPherson Report into the murder of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager in London (Bowling and Phillips, 2003). It is a concept which is often used by politicians, the media, the Criminal Justice System and the public; although they often do not fully understand what the term means (Hall, 2005). This essay will explore the term hate crime and try to understand why there is no definitive definition of it, and the reasons for the many conflicting definitions. The first section will explore academic definitions and how they have developed, looking at the flaws of the early definitions and moving on to the most used and most comprehen sive definitions of recent times. After this the essay will explore the official definitions used by a variety of government bodies including the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) and the Criminal Justice Systems definitions. This essay will then compare how recordings of hate crime differ around the world, and how different definitions of hate crime can lead to dramatically different levels in the number of hate crimes recorded (Giannasi, 2011). The next section will explore in more depth some of the topics covered already, in particularly how different definitions and different countries and states include different factors of hate crimes, such as sexual orientation and gender, as well as exploring the level of prejudice that is required for a crime to become a hate crime. The penultimate section explores the new and borderline hate crimes and whether these groups should be protected under hate crime laws, comparing them to Perrys definition of a hate crime. Finally this essay will explore incitement of hatred laws, and how these laws are seen as controversial and are argued to prevent freedom of speech (Gerstenfeld, 2011), as well as exploring the controversial nature of hate crime, looking at how hate crime laws are seen by some as punishing thought instead of actions. In order to understand why hate crime is such a difficult term to define we first need to look at the different definitions that have been suggested, so that we can see how they differ. There have been many different definitions suggested by a variety of academics and policy makers, each trying to define what a hate crime entails (Jacobs and Potter, 1997). The most basic definition of a hate crime is a crime motivated by hate, but this is contested by most, if not all, academics due to its simplicity and the fact that not all hate crimes have hate as a contributing factor (Hall, 2005), as we shall see later the term prejudice is often preferred. Many early definitions suggested by academics, as well as more recent ones, often fail to fully describe what a hate crime is, leaving many gaps in there definition. Petrosinos (2003) definition of a hate crime only refers to victimisation of ethnic minority groups, whilst Wolfe and Copelands (1994, as cited in Jenness and Broad, 2009) defini tion states that there needs to be violence towards the victim, although most definitions argue that it does not just have to be violence (Green et al, 2001). The definition that is often referred to as the best is Perrys 2001 definition (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009; Hall, 2005); Hate crime involves acts of violence and intimidation, usually directed towards already stigmatised and marginalised groups. As such, it is a mechanism of power and oppression, intended to reaffirm the precarious hierarchies that characterise a given social order. It attempts to re-create simultaneously the threatened (real or imagined) hegemony of the perpetrators group and the appropriate subordinate identity of the victims group. (Perry, 2001: 10). Her definition begins by identifying that acts of intimidation and violence can amount to a hate crime, but does not specify that it is violence towards a person and therefore it can include violence towards a persons property, which is also a form of intimidation. By including all acts of violence and intimidation Perry is including the low-level forms of hate crime, such as simple assault, harassment, threats, and vandalism (Bell, 2004: 185), as these are the most common hate crimes. Her definition follows Sheffields 1995 definition, which identifies the significance of reaffirming hierarchies and the social order within society (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009). Perrys definition also identifies that the victims group are already stigmatised in society and are historically marginalised groups, such as race, religion and gender (Craig, 2002). This does cause problems when we consider the new borderline groups, such as Goths, as these groups do not fit this definition, as they have no t been historically marginalised, but crimes against these groups are still seen as hate crimes; this issue will be discussed later in the essay. Her definition then states that the perpetrator is not just attacking the victim but the whole of the victims group. This is echoed by the work of Hall (2005) as they both describe a hate crime as a type of message crime, which is directed towards the minority group to show that they are the minority and are lower in society than the perpetrator, not just an attack on the individual. In fact the individual victims of serious violent hate crimes is often not know to the victim and are attacked just because of their perceived identity (Aurdley, 2005). Official definitions of hate crime can also vary dramatically between different countries and different states, as well as between different agencies within the same country (Jacobs and Potter, 1997). An example of this is the differences in the definitions used by the police and the courts, which often results in a different number of recorded hate crimes when compared to the number of convictions for hate crimes (Iganski, 2002). The guidelines used by the police to define a hate crime are that of the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO). Their most recent set of guidelines were set out in their hate crime manual, Hate Crime: Delivering a Quality Service Good Practice and Tactical Guidance (2005), which expanded on their previous 2000 definition, and split a hate crime in two sections, as hate incidents and hate crimes. They define a hate incident as any incident, which may or may not constitute a criminal offence, which is perceived by the victim or any other person, as bei ng motivated by prejudice or hate (ACPO, 2005: 9), and a hate crime as any hate incident, which constitutes a criminal offence, perceived by the victim or any other person, as being motivated by prejudice or hate (ACPO, 2005: 9). As mentioned this definition defines both a hate crime and a hate incident, and is different to the single hate crime definition from their 2000 hate crime manual, as this did not include hate incidents (Gerstenfeld, 2011). This is the first problem when defining hate crime, as it is not just crimes that are included but incidents of hate as well, meaning that there is a high number of hate crimes recorded by the Police when compared to different agencies. Another point is that it is not just police officers who can classify a crime as a hate crime but the victim and any other person as well. As mentioned earlier the term prejudice is often preferred to the term hate, as hate is a strong word and often it is prejudice rather than hate that is a factor (Hall , 2005). The problem with the term prejudice in this definition is that it does not define what level of prejudice is required or the types of prejudices which are included, as prejudice against other football teams is still prejudice, but are not classed as hate crimes. These problems with ACPOs definition are not exclusive problems, as most definitions have similar problems, and they will be discussed in greater detail later. What this definition has done though is it has made it easier for crimes to be defined as hate crimes by the victim, as the victim often has a better perception of the crime than the police officer who records it. Hate crime laws in England and Wales give certain groups and identities specific laws to protect them, and to enhance the penalties given to offenders, such as the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, which give penalty enhancements for racial and religiously motivated crime respectively (Goodey, 2005). The other legislation for penalty enhancement is the Criminal Justice Act 2003 which offers penalty enhancement for sexual orientation or disablist crimes. Other legislation for hate crimes is incitement of hatred laws, which make it a criminal offence to incite hatred of certain groups, either written or verbally. The Public Order Act 1986, the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 and the Criminal Justice Act 2008 all have provisions for incitement of hatred, but they only cover certain groups, such as race, religion and sexual orientation and not other groups such as the disabled and new youth subcultures (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009). T he burden of proof for all of these crimes lies with the prosecution and often the burden of proof, especially for incitement of hatred, is subjective, having to demonstrate that the offender meant to cause harm by what they said. The Criminal Justice Act 2003, which set the penalty enhancement laws for disablist and religious hate crimes, states that for a penalty enhancement the defence needs to prove that at the time of committing the offence or immediately before or after doing so, the offender demonstrated towards the victim of the offence hostility (Criminal Justice Act 2003: section 146). This means that for an offence to be a hate crime the perpetrator has to show hostility towards the victim at the time of the attack, and therefore the perpetrators affiliation with far right groups or prior hatred cannot be a factor when defining a crime as a hate crime (Hall, 2005). The number of hate crimes recorded in different countries around the world and in different states within America differ dramatically, because of the different measures used to define what a hate crime is, as hate crime is a socially constructed concept (Perry, 2001). Also the different methods used to record hate crimes give different figures of recorded hate crime, because as mentioned previously anybody can class a crime as a hate crime in England when reporting it, and in other countries, such as America, it is just the police who can record it as a hate crime (Bowling and Phillips, 2003). The UK recorded 52,102 hate crimes in 2009, which is 44,302 more than USA recorded in 2008 (Giannasi, 2011), which has a population which is five times the size of the UKs. This does not mean that the UK has a greater hate crime problem than the USA, but that the recording of it is different, as they define a hate crime differently. In Greece there were two recorded hate crimes in 2008 and 142 in Italy (Giannasi, 2011). All of this shows that the recording of hate crime differs dramatically around the world, because of the different requirements of a hate crime, and the different definitions and understandings of it. As mentioned previously the word prejudice is used more frequently then the term hate, because hate is not always present, as the crimes are often more about reaffirming hierarchies and the social order than because of hatred towards an specific identity (Hall, 2005). Most definitions state that the offence needs to be motivated by prejudice towards the victim and there group identity. The problem with this is they do not state how much prejudice needs to be present to make it a hate crime. In ACPOs definition of a hate crime it states that a hate crime should be motivated by prejudice or hate (ACPO, 2005: 9), but this leaves questions about how much it needs to be motivated by prejudice or hate. The Criminal Justice Act 2003 states that this prejudice needs to be present at the time of the offence, shortly before or shortly after (Hall, 2005). The level of prejudice is hard to define as hate crime is a socially constructed concept and therefore it is often down an individual to dete rmine if the prejudice was sufficient (Jacobs and Potter, 1998). Because of the difficulties in defining the amount of prejudice required it is difficult to define a hate crime, as there is differences in interpretations of the levels of prejudice required because it is an individual decision, and therefore there is no specific measure of when a crime becomes a crime of prejudice towards the victims identity and therefore a hate crime, or what is acceptable or unacceptable prejudice (Hall, 2005). As we have seen the definitions of hate crime vary geographically between different countries and different states (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009). Hate crime has been an issue for discussion in the USA for much longer than in the UK, but they do not have a universal definition for a hate crime. One of the most notable conflicts in definitions between different states in the USA is the different victim groups that hate crime laws cover. There are some federal hate crime laws which are enforced over all states and jurisdictions in America, such as laws to give enhanced penalties for crimes against certain groups, such race and religious crimes (Green et al, 2001). But it is mainly down to individual states to define what a hate crime is and as a result the groups covered by these laws vary between different states, and they also vary between different countries. Some states classify gender and sexual orientation as hate crime victims, while other states do not (Gerstenfeld, 2011). Thi s is a problem when it comes to conclusively defining hate crime, as there is no consensus on who can be victims of a hate crime. In England and Wales there are five main strands of hate crime as set out by ACPO (2009), these are race, religion, sexual orientation, transgender and disability. All of these groups fit with Perrys definition of who hate crime victims are, as they are all historically marginalised minority groups. Although these are the main groups there are many other minority groups which can be victims of hate crimes. One group which has caused many discussions as to whether or not they should be classified as a hate crime victims are victims of domestic violence (Gerstenfeld, 2011). One of the arguments for domestic violence being a hate crime is that it matches the definition suggested Perry (2001) as women are a historically marginalised minority group, and domestic violence is to reinforce the hierarchies of society, with men being dominant (Batsleer, Burman, Chantler, Pantling, McIntosh, Smailes and Warner, 2002). The opposing argument is that it should not be a hate crime because women are not being attacked because of their group identity; instead they are being targeted because they are close to the perpetrator and an easy target for them, and therefore it is not a message crime to the wider female population (Dutton, 2006). ACPO (2008) does not identify age as one of its main strands, but does recognise it as a form of hate crime (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009). Although the ACPO (2009) and the Home Office (2008) identify ageism as a form of hate crime only about one third of police forces record it as such (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009). Ageism is similar to disablist hate crime in that it is often committed by a person of trust (Cuddy and Fiske, 2004) and behind closed doors. There are some arguments that ageism should not be classified as a hate crime because often the victim is not attacked because of their age, or to reinforce the social order of society but instead it is because they are an easy target, as a result of their age (Wolhunter, Olley and Denham, 2009). Another argument against classifying ageism as a hate crime is that the elderly are a heterogeneous group and include people from a variety of backgrounds (Lister and Wall, 2006). The arguments for ageism being classified as a hate crim e is that older people often develop disabilities and therefore crimes towards a victim because of their age is often seen as disablist hate crimes, although they differ from people who are born with a disability (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009). The main differences between those who are victims of a hate crime because of their age when compared to other disabilities is that everyone is likely to become old and therefore everybody has a chance of becoming potential victims of ageism. Goths, Punks and other new youth subcultures are also borderline hate crime victims (Garland, 2010). Hate crimes against these groups was highlighted by the murder of Sophie Lancaster in 2007. She was murdered because of her Gothic identity and at court the judge commented that this was a hate crime and imposed an enhanced punishment because so (BBC News, 2008). The reason for crimes like this being a classed as a hate crime is that the victims are often targeted because of their identity and their appearance (Gifford, 2010), and often it is a message crime towards all members of the subculture, which is meant to reinforce the hierarchies of the majority (Garland, 2010). These crimes against new youth subcultures do not fit the definition suggested by Perry of a hate crime. This is because they are not an historically marginalised minority, as they are a relatively new group, but the harm and impacts these crimes have on the wider community is the same as other forms of hate crime (G arland, 2010). There are many other borderline expressions of hate that do not fit the existing definitions of a hate crime, but are still crimes of hate or prejudice. Another example is sectarianism hate crimes, which are crimes committed by members of the Protestants, Unionist or Loyalist communities towards members of the Catholic, Nationalist or Republican communities and vice versa (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009). These are crimes of prejudice against the opposite community because of their identity, but unlike other crimes they do not have to be committed by the majority towards the minority, and instead can be committed by either side (Jarman, 2005). There is much debate as to whether sectarianism crimes should be classified as hate crimes or not, as they do not conform to the general definitions of what a hate crime is. All of these borderline crimes further show how difficult it is to define a hate crime, as crimes that do not fit the conventional definitions are often seen as a hate crime. As previously mentioned there are hate crime laws for incitement of hatred, as well as penalty enhancement laws. Incitement of hatred is a greater issue in the UK than it is in the US, as the first amendment of the US constitution states that there cannot be laws which prevent their freedom of speech (Levin, 1999). The UK has several laws which govern incitement of hatred, making speeches and articles which contain threatening, abusive or hatred behaviour towards a minority group illegal. These laws have been very controversial in the UK, as they restrict freedom of speech, which is a human right (Gerstenfeld, 2011). The 2004 Serious Organised Crime and Police Bill aimed to make incitement of religious hatred illegal, as had already been done for incitement of racial hatred by the Public Order Act 1986. But there was much opposition towards this new bill, much of which came for comedians and was led by Rowan Atkinson, claiming that the freedom to criticise ideas is one of the fundame ntal freedoms of society (Atkinson, 2004 as cited in BBC News, 2004). There have also been discussions and arguments over what hate crime laws are punishing, as laws such as the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and Criminal Justice Act 2003 give an increased punishment for perpetrators of hate crime. The reason for this is that hate crimes cause more harm to the victim and their wider community than ordinary crimes, as they are being targeted because of who they are, rather than something they have done, and therefore they feel more at risk of repeat victimisation (Craig, 2002). This has led to arguments over whether punishing a hate crime is just in fact punishing peoples thoughts rather than their actions (Iganski, 2002). A crime usually has two factors that determine its severity and the reasons for it; these being the intent and the motive (Hall, 2005). The intent of the perpetrator is how much hurt or damage they meant to cause to the victim and the motive is why they did it. Hate crime focuses on the motive and unlike punishment for most offences, whe re the amount of damage or hurt determines the perpetrators punishment, it is also the reasons for their actions which determine their punishment (Hall, 2005). Therefore many see it is punishing peoples thoughts and the way they think rather than their actions (Jacobs and Potter, 1997). This essay has aimed to explore why the term hate crime is so difficult to define conclusively. It has done this by exploring the academics definitions of what a hate crime is and the problems with some of the many definitions suggested by a variety of academics. It identified Perrys definition as the most definitive, although there are flaws with her definition, as with all definitions (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009). The reason for identifying this definition is that it is the most often used definition by other academics, as it is the most comprehensive (Chakraborti and Garland, 2009; Hall, 2005). The essay then went on to explore the official definitions used in the UK, such as those used by ACPO and the Criminal Justice System. It explored how these definitions contradict each other as the police record hate incidents, which are not crimes and therefore the courts cannot punish offenders for them. The levels of recorded hate crimes around the world vary dramatically with the UK recording nearly seven times the number of hate crimes compared to the USA (Giannasi, 2011); despite the USA having a population that is five times that of the UK. This shows how definitions of hate crime vary dramatically around the world, especially as Greece only recorded two hate crimes in 2008 (Giannasi, 2011). The next section expanded on some of the issues mention previously when discussing the different definitions of hate crime. It explored how different definitions, countries and states have different victim groups and how some include gender and sexual orientation, while others do not. The essay then went on to discuss different victim groups who are classified as borderline hate crime groups. This includes ageism, Goths and other new youth subcultures as well as sectarianism; although these groups do not fit Perrys definition of what a hate crime is, they are recognised as a hate crime by many people, due to the effects that crimes on these groups can have. The final sec tion of this essay explored incitement of hated, and how laws to prevent this have caused much debate over the protection of human rights to comment and criticise ideas (BBC News, 2004). This section discussed how hate crime laws can be seen as being a way of punishing peoples thoughts, rather than their actions as these laws can increase sentences for perpetrators based on the reasons for their actions rather than the actions themselves. Overall this essay has identified the reasons why hate crime is so difficult to define conclusively, due to the different victims, crimes and levels of prejudice, and how this has led to difficulties in creating definitions and comparing hate crime geographically.

cold war Essay -- essays research papers

The cold War The Cold War was a response to the perceived threat by the United States that Communism would interfere with national security and economic stakes in the world. It was a perceived threat by communist countries that the United States would take to the world. During the Cold War, the United States, Russia, and other countries made efforts to avoid another world war, while warring in proxy in other lands. The devastation caused by the hydrogen bombs exploded in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the next technological advancements became only deterrents to the public. Governments had their own agenda which would result in worsening the strain between nations. The United States hid behind a curtain of nationalism resulting in increased hatred and mistrust between the people of the United States and Russia. Noam Chomsky reminds us that Communism is a broad term that includes those with the ability to get control of mass movements. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles once stated that, â€Å"The poor people are the ones they appeal to and they have always wanted to plunder the rich.† So, in one view, the U.S. felt they must be overcome, to protect our doctrine that the rich should ravage the poor. This became another motivation for the Cold War. In his historical account of the events leading to the Cold War, Jacob Heilbrunn reports that after World War II, â€Å"realists†¦ agreed that Soviet aggrandizement was responsible for the cold war.† (Heilbrunn) They felt the reason, rather than Communism, Heilbrunn notes, was that â€Å"Stalin was pursuing Russian national interests that dated back to the czars.† Others, however, accused the president and Congress â€Å"of following a consistent policy of economic imperialism, â€Å" tracing it back to the â€Å"Open Door Diplomacy of the nineteenth century, which outlined â€Å"an insatiable American appetite for new [economic] markets.† (Heilbrunn) Heilbrunn says that Gabriel Kolko also felt th at Roosevelt’s anti-Russia stance was formed to create dominance by the United States in world economic markets. (Heilbrunn) Heilbrunn says that Leffler’s A Preponderance of Power, has become the â€Å"sacred text of the neo-revisionists.† (Heilbrunn) Leffler claims that U.S. security policy was established between 1940 and 1946 based on geopolitics, not economics. Truman was far from fearing a Soviet military attack and was defending American economic stability... ...not easy accomplishments but were satisfied by the constant insistence of the threat of the great enemy. This phase has ended, but conflicts continue. The Soviet Union may have called off the war, but the U.S. is continuing as before, even more freely with Soviet obstruction a thing of the past. George Bush celebrated the symbolic end of the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall, by immediately invading Panama and announcing that the U.S. would overturn Nicaragua’s election by maintaining its economic stranglehold and military attack unless â€Å"our side† won. With the threat of the Soviet Union no longer existing the U.S. is now free to use unlimited force against almost anyone it may choose. The end of the Cold War has caused its problems too as new enemies have needed to be invented. This problem has been solved quite easily if you were to look at the United States’ current international footing. A new and possibly better convincing enemy has been found i n the likes of Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden. The U.S. government has continued a policy of convincing the American public of the great evil existing elsewhere to achieve their economic, technological and defensive objectives.

Jung

The American Commonwealth, James Bryce talks about equality in America when he visited the united States in the asses. Bryce provides his own view of the different equalities that all Americans possess. He states that in America, equalities are present as listed: legal equality, material conditions-wealth, education and intelligence, social status, and estimation. Legal equality is that all are equal under the law whereas material condition equality means that everyone has equal wealth.Educational and Intellectual equality means that everyone has equal Intellect and equal education. Social status equality means that no one is socially higher or lower than another. And finally, equality of estimation is the value which men set upon each other. Out of all of these types of equalities the three that Bryce list that all Americans have are wealth, education, position. Brace's listing of wealth, education, and position as American equalities brings up a valid position on whether or not Ame rica had actually possessed these equalities.In all honesty, It's all how It's perceived by different people that determine equality. Did all Americans have equal wealth, education, and position back in the late asses? Well, compared to most countries America was a land full of equality. I don't necessarily believe that these views of equality were as glorious as Bryce had perceived them to be, however seeing that he came from Britain- a land of big inequalities between those of upper, middle and lower class- America was seen as a land with greater equal opportunity.As this was written during the Gilded Age, Americans all lived In salary lifestyles as barnacles powered through the Industrial revolution. People worked mostly for big industries receiving little pay, little to no education and the same position as the country labor force therefore they were all equal. In today's world, without the fact that America is no longer the major industrial power it was one was, these equalitie s of education, position, and wealth still exist and can even be taken further In depth.Now everyone is entitled to equal wealth, education, and position but they determine their own equality. For example, two people share the same type of position as everyday citizens with the same type of education and the same wealth. One person decides to go to college and becomes a politician after he graduates while the other person goes out and parties. They both had the same equalities at one point in their lives but it was when they decided to either expand or hinder themselves that truly determined their equality.A student an attend a high rated school and could care less about education as well as a student who can attend an average public school and become the top of their class. Even Americans chose their own position in life, they can decide to be the owner of a multimillion dollar company or be a manager at McDonald's. All these things are available to all Americans as long as they ar e willing to want and work for these things. Americans will always be granted the same equalities of wealth, education, and position but they get to choose their own wealth, education, and position.

The Crucible Reasons Innocent People Confessed to Witchcraft essays

The Crucible Reasons Innocent People Confessed to Witchcraft essays Living in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 during the Witchcraft Trials must had been an uncanny event to experience. The entire witchcraft hysteria started because people were pointing fingers at each other. Innocent women and children were being accused for ridiculous reasons such as mysterious book reading and having poppets, or rag dolls, lying around the house. The way the judicial system operated in the 1600's was entirely mismanaged. It let guilty people live and innocent people die. If one was accused they were given one of two choices, they could either confess and live or not confess and be hanged. Therefore innocent people that were being accused would confess to save their life, even though they were not witches. Women that were accused of witchcraft could make a third choice that men could not. One would make this choice when they did not want to blacken their name by admitting and still wanted to live. This choice was to pled that one was pregnant. When one made this choice their trial would be put off for several months because the higher officials would not want to kill the innocent infant. For example both Sarah Good and Elizabeth Proctor did not confess but said they were pregnant so they were both thrown in jail until they gave birth or the officials could definitely determine if in fact they were pregnant. Throughout the story people mostly considered themselves as the first priority and they could care less about the others in town, this meant they all looked out for just themselves. For this reason many of the people in Salem, whether a witch or not, would confess so they could live. They would not care that innocent people were dying because they would not confess to witchcraft like the other cowards that confessed just to live. This was Titubas confession, who was one of the first persons to be accused. No, no, dont hang Tituba! I tell h...

Core Beliefs of the Puritans Essays

Core Beliefs of the Puritans Essays Core Beliefs of the Puritans Essay Core Beliefs of the Puritans Essay Core Beliefs of the Puritans Have you of all time rebelled against the house regulations dictated by your parents? In the 1600’s. a group of spiritual citizens discontent with the Anglican Church of England. did precisely that- rebelled. The Puritans contended that King James had created a faith of political battles and philosophies. Puritans. such as John Calvin and John Winthrop. wrote about the construct of get awaying persecution from the Anglican Church and reforming faith. ethical motives. and society. The Puritans fled to get down anew and created settlements in North America. including Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. The drive forces of reform were legion pieces of literature. The Puritan beliefs consisted chiefly of five rules: Entire Depravity. the Devil and wickednesss. Predestination. God’s true jurisprudence. and moral development. ensuing in a authorities and religious-based manner of life that has impacted present twenty-four hours America. Inevitably. faith being intertwined with society raises frights. Refering to the Puritans. fright led to the ultimate dissipation of the settlements. On of the chief frights that the Puritan’s believed in was that the Satan was behind every evil title in the universe. The Puritans besides believed that the Satan and Satan surrounded Native Americans and nature. Steering off from the Acts of the Apostless of the Satan led to utmost steps. Bibles. read as discourses by Puritan curates. warned citizens about the dangers of life. The discourses were repeatedly given and fright was strategically woven in. The changeless warnings were due to the belief that every individual is born iniquitous. besides known as Entire Depravity. The impression of Entire Depravity led to the belief of making yourself benevolent. Spurred by the desire to rectify Entire Deprivation. the Puritans created their core beliefs of faith. The Puritans believed in the survey of God’s True Law. the Bible. Harmonizing to the Puritans. the Bible and God paved a program for life. In this God-centered system. church was the topographic point where all jobs and issues were raised and resolved. While citizens with belongings could talk at the meetings. limitation for merely church governments to vote was allowed. Entire Depravity produced the political orientation of Predestination. Predestination was the impression that God saves those that he wants. Puritans believed that God had control over who would be in heaven or snake pit and the Puritans had no control of cognizing. Therefore. Puritans thought that holy behaviour led to redemption. The English Literatures of America reiterated. Sanctification is grounds of redemption. but does non do it ( 434 ) . intending that belief in Jesus does non procure you from Gods predestination for you. The Puritans began doing regulations to follow to travel to heaven. In order to guarantee redemption. the Puritans believed that every citizen needed to follow rigorous regulations that were sacredly motivated. Moral development was a Puritan belief that started in childhood. To drive the Satan. kids were to be taught of the dangers of the universe. and instruction was critical to sublimate society. Drama. titillating poesy. and spiritual music were banned in Puritan civilization. Drama and titillating poesy generated mortality and music distracted Puritans from listening to the words of God. Other moral ordinances included the demand of traveling to church. reading the bible. and adhering to the compact of integrity and order that create a religious community. The rigorous followers of God in society and authorities finally led to the ultimate ruin of the Puritans. Although there were about 100. 000 Puritans in 1700. Puritan attempts to make an sole faith caused the growing of other settlements created by rivals that banned from Puritanism. These new groups teamed the Puritans beliefs of Entire Depravity. the Satan and wickednesss. God’s True Laws. and moral development crazy and it changed America’s though about the relationship between faith and authorities. The First Amendment provinces. Federal authorities can non set up an official faith or interfere with a individuals right to pattern a religion . Otherwise known as separation of faith and authorities. However. Puritans did impact the present twenty-four hours beneficially by keeping a stable economic system. instruction. and moral features. The desire to be considered good . believed by the Puritans. shaped the value of many citizens in the U. S. today.

Oaxaca Arts Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oaxaca Arts Analysis - Term Paper Example The Oaxacan art identifies itself with the mountainous region in southern Mexico. Art was made, in the form of ceramics, carvings from wood and in textiles. Examples of some of the iconic pieces include Frida, Kahlo and the famous Zapotec themes. Mexican art is related to their cultural functions. The art is also themed according famous days in the Mexican calendar, for example, the day of the dead and other important days, since in Mexico art goes correlates with culture (Giordano, 1994). Ceramics Ceramic art is an integral part of the Oaxacan Art. The region has a type of clay that is black in color. This is the reason why the ceramics in Oaxacan Art are black in color. The color of the clay made the ceramic the perfect canvas for an artist to use their imaginations on since the color makes it possible for the use of a wide range of colors on the ceramics. The distinguishing feature of Oaxaca art is the black pottery painted with vibrant colors. The ceramics included pottery and ce ramic figurines. Another form of pottery that was common was green pottery, which was created by glazing. The final product was pottery with a glaze that was green. This is an illustration of Spanish persuasion in Oaxacan art since the Spanish settlers favored this method. The green poetry was commonly used for cooking and as utensils. The figurines created by ceramics included figures of the Virgin Mary, Frida, Kahlo. Figurines were also created for celebrations like the Day of the Dead and Zapotec (Ward, E. S., Ward, W. E., and Cleveland Institute of Art, 1986). Woodcarvings Oaxacan art is also renowned for its woodcarvings. These carvings are known as Alebrijes a term coined by a great Oaxacan artist Pedro Linares to describe his work that involved Paper Mache art. In the Oaxacan carvings, the trees commonly used by artists include the cider tree and an indigenous tree the Tzompantli but the favorite wood for the artists is the Copalillo wood. The carvings are usually carved into animal figures and shapes.  Ã‚  

Read three questions and then write an essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Read three questions and then write an - Essay Example Besides, high risk is also attached with most form of securities that has been traded in the financial market, thereby , analysis of the movement of pricing and market trends remains highly important prior to undertaking any investment decision (Gitman, 2008). The environment of stock market and stock pricing is highly volatile, which led to significant difficulty in taking sound investment decisions for the investors where they need to consider the risks involved and the return combination at large. Additionally, the technical measure also plays an important role in predicting and analysing the movement of stock in future. The relevance of technical tools and measure has been studied in various literatures in quantifying the pricing movement of stock markets. Besides, in the presence of the aspect of technical measure, investor can be able to look forward and take effective buying and selling decision. Thus, the approach of technical supervision in the security market helps to provide opportunity to the investor to make high profitability through analysing the trend of the share prices (Vashishtha & et. al., 2013; Brownlees & et. al., 2012; Christiansen & et. al., 2012). In order to take the profitable position in the stock market, determining the possible movement of pricing of the security is highly important through using appropriate technical analysis. Thus, in this essay in order to determine appropriate investment plan for Brett Daly, two approaches of measuring the security pricing movement including Stock’s relative strength index (RSI) and moving average method have been used for determining the Nautilus security movement RSI, measures the speedily movement of pricing on the index of 0 to 100 whereas, moving average method is used to measure the pricing trend-followed as per security based on previous prices (Milionis & Papanagiotou, 2011; University of Rhode Island,